Bioactive compounds are natural constituents found in many foods, such as vegetables, fruits, olive oil, wine, tea, spices, grains, beer, and chocolate, but they can also be derived from animals and microbial sources, or be chemically synthesized. Among the most commonly analyzed bioactive compounds are polyphenols, terpenoids, alkaloids, and glucosinolates, which, having antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, are able to modulate some important physiological functions, molecular pathways, and biological activities. Therefore, bioactive compounds may exert beneficial effects on human health. In fact, many scientific studies conducted to date have explored the consequences of consuming bioactive compounds for certain pathologies, such as cardiovascular disease, bacterial and viral infections, microbiota modulation, neurodegenerative diseases, cancer, and even sarcopenia. The Special Issue "Bioactive Compounds: Applications and Benefits for Human Health" analyses the molecular effects of bioactive compounds under different physiological or pathological conditions (cardiovascular diseases, bacterial and viral infections, neurodegenerative diseases, cancer and sarcopenia). Furthermore, it includes studies regarding the identification, purification and extraction of bioactive compounds and their use in preclinical and clinical research. Read more