Lipoprotein(a) - Karam Kostner;Gerhard M. Kostner;Peter P. Toth

Lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] is a unique lipoprotein that has emerged as an independent risk factor for cardiovascular vascular disease.  Data from case control, epigenetic and mendelian randomization studies indicate that people with elevated Lp(a) have a two-fold to four-fold increased risk of cardiovascular events compared to people with low Lp(a) levels. Despite this risk, awareness of Lp(a) is still very low among health care providers. Even cardiologists often overlook Lp(a), in part because Lp(a) is not as well-understood as other risk factors and treatment options are still very limited.